# dart:io library

File, socket, HTTP, and other I/O support for non-web applications.

Important: Browser-based applications can't use this library. Only servers, command-line scripts, and Flutter mobile apps can import and use dart:io.

This library allows you to work with files, directories, sockets, processes, HTTP servers and clients, and more. Many operations related to input and output are asynchronous and are handled using Futures or Streams, both of which are defined in the dart:async library.

To use the dart:io library in your code:

    import 'dart:io';

For an introduction to I/O in Dart, see the dart:io library tour.

## File, Directory, and Link

An instance of File, Directory, or Link represents a file, directory, or link, respectively, in the native file system.

You can manipulate the file system through objects of these types. For example, you can rename a file or directory:

    File myFile = new File('myFile.txt');
    myFile.rename('yourFile.txt').then((_) => print('file renamed'));

Many methods provided by the File, Directory, and Link classes run asynchronously and return a Future.

## FileSystemEntity

File, Directory, and Link all extend FileSystemEntity. In addition to being the superclass for these classes, FileSystemEntity has a number of static methods for working with paths.

To get information about a path, you can use the FileSystemEntity static methods such as 'isDirectory', 'isFile', and 'exists'. Because file system access involves I/O, these methods are asynchronous and return a Future.

    FileSystemEntity.isDirectory(myPath).then((isDir) {
      if (isDir) {
        print('$myPath is a directory');
      } else {
        print('$myPath is not a directory');
      }
    });

## HttpServer and HttpClient

The classes HttpServer and HttpClient provide HTTP server and HTTP client functionality.

The HttpServer class provides the basic functionality for implementing an HTTP server. For some higher-level building-blocks, we recommend that you try the shelf pub package, which contains a set of high-level classes that, together with the HttpServer class in this library, make it easier to implement HTTP servers.

## Process

The Process class provides a way to run a process on the native machine. For example, the following code spawns a process that recursively lists the files under `web`.

    Process.start('ls', ['-R', 'web']).then((process) {
      stdout.addStream(process.stdout);
      stderr.addStream(process.stderr);
      process.exitCode.then(print);
    });

Using `start()` returns a Future, which completes with a Process object when the process has started. This Process object allows you to interact with the process while it is running. Using `run()` returns a Future, which completes with a ProcessResult object when the spawned process has terminated. This ProcessResult object collects the output and exit code from the process.

When using `start()`, you need to read all data coming on the stdout and stderr streams otherwise the system resources will not be freed.

## WebSocket

The WebSocket class provides support for the web socket protocol. This allows full-duplex communications between client and server applications.

A web socket server uses a normal HTTP server for accepting web socket connections. The initial handshake is a HTTP request which is then upgraded to a web socket connection. The server upgrades the request using WebSocketTransformer and listens for the data on the returned web socket. For example, here's a mini server that listens for 'ws' data on a WebSocket:

    runZoned(() async {
      var server = await HttpServer.bind('127.0.0.1', 4040);
      server.listen((HttpRequest req) async {
        if (req.uri.path == '/ws') {
          var socket = await WebSocketTransformer.upgrade(req);
          socket.listen(handleMsg);
        }
      });
    }, onError: (e) => print("An error occurred."));

The client connects to the WebSocket using the `connect()` method and a URI that uses the Web Socket protocol. The client can write to the WebSocket with the `add()` method. For example,

    var socket = await WebSocket.connect('ws://127.0.0.1:4040/ws');
    socket.add('Hello, World!');

Check out the websocket_sample app, which uses WebSockets to communicate with a server.

## Socket and ServerSocket

Clients and servers use Sockets to communicate using the TCP protocol. Use ServerSocket on the server side and Socket on the client. The server creates a listening socket using the `bind()` method and then listens for incoming connections on the socket. For example:

    ServerSocket.bind('127.0.0.1', 4041)
      .then((serverSocket) {
        serverSocket.listen((socket) {
          socket.transform(utf8.decoder).listen(print);
        });
      });

A client connects a Socket using the `connect()` method, which returns a Future. Using `write()`, `writeln()`, or `writeAll()` are the easiest ways to send data over the socket. For example:

    Socket.connect('127.0.0.1', 4041).then((socket) {
      socket.write('Hello, World!');
    });

Besides Socket and ServerSocket, the RawSocket and RawServerSocket classes are available for lower-level access to async socket IO.

## Standard output, error, and input streams

This library provides the standard output, error, and input streams, named 'stdout', 'stderr', and 'stdin', respectively.

The stdout and stderr streams are both IOSinks and have the same set of methods and properties.

To write a string to 'stdout':

    stdout.writeln('Hello, World!');

To write a list of objects to 'stderr':

    stderr.writeAll([ 'That ', 'is ', 'an ', 'error.', '\n']);

The standard input stream is a true Stream, so it inherits properties and methods from the Stream class.

To read text synchronously from the command line (the program blocks waiting for user to type information):

     String inputText = stdin.readLineSync();

## Classes

BytesBuilder
  Builds a list of bytes, allowing bytes and lists of bytes to be added at the end. [...]
CompressionOptions
  The CompressionOptions class allows you to control the options of WebSocket compression.
ConnectionTask<S>
  Returned by the `startConnect` methods on client-side socket types `S`, `ConnectionTask<S>` allows cancelling an attempt to connect to a host.
ContentType
  Representation of a content type. An instance of ContentType is immutable.
Cookie
  Representation of a cookie. For cookies received by the server as Cookie header values only `name` and `value` fields will be set. When building a cookie for the 'set-cookie' header in the server and when receiving cookies in the client as 'set-cookie' headers all fields can be used.
Datagram
  Datagram package. Data send to and received from datagram sockets contains the internet address and port of the destination or source togeter with the data.
DetachedSocket
  When detaching a socket from either the `HttpServer` or the `HttpClient` due to a HTTP connection upgrade there might be unparsed data already read from the socket. This unparsed data together with the detached socket is returned in an instance of this class.
Directory
  A reference to a directory (or folder) on the file system. [...]
File
  A reference to a file on the file system. [...]
FileLock
  Type of lock when requesting a lock on a file.
FileMode
  The modes in which a File can be opened.
FileStat
  A FileStat object represents the result of calling the POSIX stat() function on a file system object. It is an immutable object, representing the snapshotted values returned by the stat() call.
FileSystemCreateEvent
  File system event for newly created file system objects.
FileSystemDeleteEvent
  File system event for deletion of file system objects.
FileSystemEntity
  The common super class for File, Directory, and Link objects. [...]
FileSystemEntityType
  The type of an entity on the file system, such as a file, directory, or link. [...]
FileSystemEvent
  Base event class emitted by FileSystemEntity.watch.
FileSystemModifyEvent
  File system event for modifications of file system objects.
FileSystemMoveEvent
  File system event for moving of file system objects.
GZipCodec
  The GZipCodec encodes raw bytes to GZip compressed bytes and decodes GZip compressed bytes to raw bytes. [...]
HeaderValue
  Representation of a header value in the form: [...]
HttpClient
  A client that receives content, such as web pages, from a server using the HTTP protocol. [...]
HttpClientBasicCredentials
  Represents credentials for basic authentication.
HttpClientCredentials
HttpClientDigestCredentials
  Represents credentials for digest authentication. Digest authentication is only supported for servers using the MD5 algorithm and quality of protection (qop) of either "none" or "auth".
HttpClientRequest
  HTTP request for a client connection. [...]
HttpClientResponse
  HTTP response for a client connection. [...]
HttpConnectionInfo
  Information about an HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpClientRequest, or HttpClientResponse connection.
HttpConnectionsInfo
  Summary statistics about an HttpServers current socket connections.
HttpDate
  Utility functions for working with dates with HTTP specific date formats.
HttpHeaders
  Headers for HTTP requests and responses. [...]
HttpOverrides
  This class facilitates overriding HttpClient with a mock implementation. It should be extended by another class in client code with overrides that construct a mock implementation. The implementation in this base class defaults to the actual HttpClient implementation. For example: [...]
HttpRequest
  A server-side object that contains the content of and information about an HTTP request. [...]
HttpResponse
  An HTTP response, which returns the headers and data from the server to the client in response to an HTTP request. [...]
HttpServer
  A server that delivers content, such as web pages, using the HTTP protocol. [...]
HttpSession
HttpStatus
  HTTP status codes.
InternetAddress
  An internet address. [...]
InternetAddressType
  InternetAddressType is the type an InternetAddress. Currently, IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6) are supported.
IOOverrides
  This class facilitates overriding various APIs of dart:io with mock implementations. [...]
IOSink
  A combined byte and text output. [...]
Link
  Link objects are references to filesystem links.
NetworkInterface
  A NetworkInterface represents an active network interface on the current system. It contains a list of InternetAddresses that are bound to the interface.
OSError
  An OSError object holds information about an error from the operating system.
Platform
  Information about the environment in which the current program is running. [...]
Process
  The means to execute a program. [...]
ProcessInfo
  ProcessInfo provides methods for retrieving information about the current process.
ProcessResult
  ProcessResult represents the result of running a non-interactive process started with Process.run or Process.runSync.
ProcessSignal
  On Posix systems, ProcessSignal is used to send a specific signal to a child process, see `Process.kill`. [...]
ProcessStartMode
  Modes for running a new process.
RandomAccessFile
  `RandomAccessFile` provides random access to the data in a file. [...]
RawDatagramSocket
  The RawDatagramSocket is a low-level interface to an UDP socket, exposing the raw events signaled by the system. It's a Stream of RawSocketEvents. [...]
RawSecureServerSocket
  The RawSecureServerSocket is a server socket, providing a stream of low-level RawSecureSockets. [...]
RawSecureSocket
  RawSecureSocket provides a secure (SSL or TLS) network connection. Client connections to a server are provided by calling RawSecureSocket.connect. A secure server, created with RawSecureServerSocket, also returns RawSecureSocket objects representing the server end of a secure connection. The certificate provided by the server is checked using the trusted certificates set in the SecurityContext object. The default SecurityContext object contains a built-in set of trusted root certificates for well-known certificate authorities.
RawServerSocket
  A RawServerSocket represents a listening socket, and provides a stream of low-level RawSocket objects, one for each connection made to the listening socket. [...]
RawSocket
  The RawSocket is a low-level interface to a socket, exposing the raw events signaled by the system. It's a Stream of RawSocketEvents.
RawSocketEvent
  Events for the RawSocket.
RawSynchronousSocket
  A low-level class for communicating synchronously over a TCP socket. [...]
RawZLibFilter
  The RawZLibFilter class provides a low-level interface to zlib.
RedirectInfo
  Redirect information.
SecureServerSocket
  The SecureServerSocket is a server socket, providing a stream of high-level Sockets. [...]
SecureSocket
  A high-level class for communicating securely over a TCP socket, using TLS and SSL. The SecureSocket exposes both a Stream and an IOSink interface, making it ideal for using together with other Streams.
SecurityContext
  The object containing the certificates to trust when making a secure client connection, and the certificate chain and private key to serve from a secure server. [...]
ServerSocket
  A ServerSocket represents a listening socket, and provides a stream of Socket objects, one for each connection made to the listening socket. [...]
Socket
  A high-level class for communicating over a TCP socket. [...]
SocketDirection
  The SocketDirection is used as a parameter to Socket.close and RawSocket.close to close a socket in the specified direction(s).
SocketOption
  The SocketOption is used as a parameter to Socket.setOption and RawSocket.setOption to set customize the behaviour of the underlying socket.
Stdin
  Stdin allows both synchronous and asynchronous reads from the standard input stream. [...]
StdioType
  The type of object a standard IO stream is attached to.
Stdout
  Stdout represents the IOSink for either `stdout` or `stderr`. [...]
SystemEncoding
  The system encoding is the current code page on Windows and UTF-8 on Linux and Mac.
WebSocket
  A two-way HTTP communication object for client or server applications. [...]
WebSocketStatus
  WebSocket status codes used when closing a WebSocket connection.
WebSocketTransformer
  The WebSocketTransformer provides the ability to upgrade a HttpRequest to a WebSocket connection. It supports both upgrading a single HttpRequest and upgrading a stream of HttpRequests. [...]
X509Certificate
  X509Certificate represents an SSL certificate, with accessors to get the fields of the certificate.
ZLibCodec
  The ZLibCodec encodes raw bytes to ZLib compressed bytes and decodes ZLib compressed bytes to raw bytes.
ZLibDecoder
  The ZLibDecoder is used by ZLibCodec and GZipCodec to decompress data.
ZLibEncoder
  The ZLibEncoder encoder is used by ZLibCodec and GZipCodec to compress data.
ZLibOption
  Exposes ZLib options for input parameters. [...]

## Constants

APPEND → const FileMode
  The mode for opening a file for reading and writing to the end of it. The file is created if it does not already exist.
  @Deprecated("Use FileMode.append instead")
  `FileMode.append`
GZIP → const GZipCodec
  @Deprecated("Use gzip instead")
  `gzip`
gzip → const GZipCodec
  An instance of the default implementation of the GZipCodec.
  `const GZipCodec._default()`
READ → const FileMode
  The mode for opening a file only for reading.
  @Deprecated("Use FileMode.read instead")
  `FileMode.read`
SYSTEM_ENCODING → const SystemEncoding
  @Deprecated('Use systemEncoding instead')
  `const SystemEncoding()`
systemEncoding → const SystemEncoding
  The current system encoding. [...]
  `const SystemEncoding()`
WRITE → const FileMode
  The mode for opening a file for reading and writing. The file is overwritten if it already exists. The file is created if it does not already exist.
  @Deprecated("Use FileMode.write instead")
  `FileMode.write`
WRITE_ONLY → const FileMode
  Mode for opening a file for writing only. The file is overwritten if it already exists. The file is created if it does not already exist.
  @Deprecated("Use FileMode.writeOnly instead")
  `FileMode.writeOnly`
WRITE_ONLY_APPEND → const FileMode
  Mode for opening a file for writing only to the end of it. The file is created if it does not already exist.
  @Deprecated("Use FileMode.writeOnlyAppend instead")
  `FileMode.writeOnlyAppend`
ZLIB → const ZLibCodec
  @Deprecated("Use zlib instead")
  `zlib`
zlib → const ZLibCodec
  An instance of the default implementation of the ZLibCodec.
  `const ZLibCodec._default()`

## Properties

exitCode ↔ int
  Get the global exit code for the Dart VM. [...]
  read / write
pid → int
  Returns the PID of the current process.
  read-only
stderr → Stdout
  The standard output stream of errors written by this program. [...]
  read-only
stdin → Stdin
  The standard input stream of data read by this program.
  read-only
stdout → Stdout
  The standard output stream of data written by this program. [...]
  read-only

## Functions

exit(int code) → void
  Exit the Dart VM process immediately with the given exit code. [...]
sleep(Duration duration) → void
  Sleep for the duration specified in `duration`. [...]
stdioType(dynamic object) → StdioType
  For a stream, returns whether it is attached to a file, pipe, terminal, or something else.

## Typedefs

BadCertificateCallback(X509Certificate cr, String host, int port) → bool

## Exceptions / Errors

CertificateException
  An exception that happens in the handshake phase of establishing a secure network connection, when looking up or verifying a certificate.
FileSystemException
  Exception thrown when a file operation fails.
HandshakeException
  An exception that happens in the handshake phase of establishing a secure network connection.
HttpException
IOException
  Base class for all IO related exceptions.
ProcessException
RedirectException
SignalException
SocketException
StdinException
StdoutException
TlsException
  A secure networking exception caused by a failure in the TLS/SSL protocol.
WebSocketException